.65 
.
        1. 몮 ७.
        ----------------------
     ०  祬  뢠  ७  몠,᫥  ᤥ 

    짮⥫ 祭:
-⠪     ⥬   " TURBO"          ।   痢 

    (騪),  祭 ࠣ⮢ ணࠬ, ᪮஢   

      TURBO-pASKALQ ,   ணࠬ, ᠭ    㣨 

    몠 ணࠬ஢, ਭ樯쭮  (!);
-⠪ ,  ࠧ,  祭  室  ⥪ 

      TURBO-  ᪠ ࠣ⮢ ணࠬ, ᠭ  㣨 

    몠 ணࠬ஢ (ਬ,  ᥬ);
- 뢠   ७ - ᯥ ⮫쪮   TURBO 

        ਬ       㣨   ᪠-⥬,   饬 

    砥, ஡筮.  (       ᪮, 

    ⥫쭮 ⠭ ᪠    ).
-ଠ   - ࠧࠡ稪     ࠡ      ᮢ襭⢮ 

    ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ⮬ ᮢ⨬  ७ 

                 ᨩ      ᫥      ⥫쭮 

    ९஢. ᮡ    ᠥ  ਬ    

    맮 㭪権 樮 ⥬, ⠪,   BDOS     BIOS 

         設ਥ஢   㭪権    ( PORT,STACKPTR,MEM 

    : ᠭ    㭪権 ਢ ).    㭪樨   

     TURBO      '    ⢥ত  権    T  

    " VAR","CONST",  "LABEL","ARRAY",TYPE   ..     TURBO 

     ᪠ ᫮ ⪨,  ⫨稨   㣨 ᪠-

    ࠭஢,    ⮫쪮 ᫮ .

       1.1. , ࠢ騥 ࠧ饭 ଠ樨  ࠭.
       -------------------------------------------------------------

      ࠢ ࠧ饭 ଠ樥  ࠭ ᯫ   

 TURBO   ᫥騥 楤:
      CLRSCR  - CLEARSCREEN- ⪠ ࠭.  ⠭⭮ ᪠ 

 ⮩ 楫  楤 " PAGE".  ࠭   CP/M 

 ⥬  ந  ᪠   楤  WRITE 

/WRITELN,     ࠬ "#12,      WRITE(#12) 

    WRITE(CHR(12)).   ᫥  믮 ⪨  ࠭   

    孥 㣫 (न  X,Y - [1,1] ).
     CLREOL - CLEAR UP TO END OF LINE - ⪠   ப .
      GOTOXY(X,Y) -  樮஢   樨  X   ப 

      Y.  砫 न 室   孥 㣫 ࠭.
      DELAY(T)-  প 믮 ணࠬ   ᥪ㭤. 
  
     楤   DELLINE,  INSLINE,   㦠騥   㤠   

⠢  ப  樨 ,     ⭮ ன-

⢥    ஥.   뢥 ਠ    -

஥. , 믮  権  ᯮ-

 ⠭묨 ஫묨 ﬨ  CP/M- ⥬,  -

     १ 楤  WRITE    㪠  ᮮ⢥-

饣 ,    㭪樨 "⪠ -

". ஡   ஫ 㭪権   1.2.
    祭  ⠭  CP/M - ஫ 㭪権   

 㪮⢥  樮 ⥬  ணࠬ  (-

   SYSTEMHANDBUCH SCP).

      㤮⢠ 짮⥫ ਢ    :
     ^L      -   ⪠ ࠭. ( ^L = #12)
    ^T      -   ⪠ ࠭  樨 ;
     ^H      -       ;
     ^U      -       ࠢ;
     ^M      -     砫 ப;
     ^J      -      ப   ⮩  樨;
     ^Z      -      ப   ⮩  樨.


       1.2.   ஫ 㭪権  ணࠬ.
       ----------------------------------------------

          ஫ 㭪権   ᯮ짮   

।⠢     ASCII    筮 .     

  ASCII  ந ⥬ 㪠 ᨬ  ^(CONTROL),    

筮   ⥬ 㪠  # () । 筮 

ன.
      ਬ:
       CONTROL A   = ^A = #1;
      WRITE(^L) = WRITE(#12) -  ⪠ ࠭;
      
       IF A=^C THEN BDOS(0)  - " ⥯  "-१㧪   

                                ࠡ.
       : ᨬ ஫ 㭪権  ॡ 

祭   ' ' ()  楤 뢮  WRITE.

       1.3.  ᪨ ⨯ .
       -------------------------------

         TURBO- ᠪ ।  ᯥ᪨ ⨯ , 

   ⠭⭮ ᪠:
         BYTE.
      --------------- 
         ⨯   ᢮ 祭 楫᫥ -

祭    (᫮  0  255).  BYTE  ᮢ⨬    ⨯ 

 INTEGER    REAL.
          STRING[ ᫮ ] 
      ------------------------
        ⨯ । ᨬ ப  <᫮>.
 樨 ᪠ ⨯  STRING   ।,
       TYPE STRING=PACKED ARRAY[1..< ᫮> ].
        ப   楯窠 .
.12

      1.4. 樨  ப  ( STRING)    TURBO.
      --------------------------------------------------

         TURBO- ᪠  ।⢥ 権  ப 

  ᫥騥 楤  㭪樨:
      楤: 
      ---------
       DELETE,INSERT,STR,VAL;
  
       㭪樨
      -------
       CONCAT,COPY,LENGTH,POS;
      
       ᨬ  ࠧ ப - 255  ᨬ  । 

稥 ⮢ ᯮ ப.

       DELETE(S,P,N)            S:STRING[X]; P,N:INTEGER;
   ப   S  稭     P  N   㤠.᫨   P 

 ,  祬  ப, 믮 ணࠬ 뢠  

樥 訡 ६ ᯮ ( RUN TIME ERROR).

      INSERT(Q,Z,P)                Q,Z:STRING; P:INTEGER;
  ப  Z   樨  P  砥 ப  Q.

      STR(V,S)                  V:INTEGER\REAL;S:STRING;
 ᫮  V  ८ࠧ뢠  ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ  S.  -

  楤   ଠ ।⠢ ᫮  , 

८ࠧ  ᫮   ଠ ⢥   楫  ᥫ   

ଠ ᨬ쭮 ப.  ⮬ ଠ ந ᫥ 

!

      (,,)                :ਭ; :⥣ॠ;:⥣;
 ப    S   ᨬ,।⠢  ᮡ   ᫥⥫쭮 

     筮 窨  ᨬ "" 

䬨᪮     ⢥  ᫠, ८ࠧ   

ᮮ⢥饥 楫 ᫮ (筠 窠  ᨬ ""   

ப ᨬ )   ⢥ ᫮.
 砥, ᫨   室 ப 砥 ,   騩 

 ८ࠧ  ᫮,  ..  ⫨  筮 , 

筮 窨  ᨬ "",   ᨬ ""  -

筠  窠   ப ᨬ    -

, ८ࠧ ப  ᫮ - :  ⮣  -

   " C"    砥   祭      ࢮ       

ப,  ८ࠧ  ᫮.

᫨  ८ࠧ 믮 ᯥ譮- ࠬ " C"   ਭ 

㫥 祭.
 
       CONCAT(S1,S2...SN):STRING                  S1...SN :STRING;
 ⥭  - ᫥⥫쭮  '   N   ப     

ப.

       COPY(S,P,N):STRING                 S:STRING;P,N :INTEGER;
   ப  " S", 稭    樨   P   N      ;      

ਬ   S :=COPY(' ப',2,3)  ᢮  S  祭 'ப'.
       LENGTH(S):INTEGER;                    S:STRING;
  㭪   ᨬ쭮 ப.
  
       POS(Q,Z):INTEGER;                     Q,Z:STRING;
   㭪  ந   ࢮ 宦  ப   Z    

ப   Q.     १  ࠡ 頥   ࢮ 

  ப  Q,  ᮢ饣    ப  Z.  ᫨  Z 

    ப  Q,  㭪 頥 㫥  -

.
ਬ  N:=POS(' ப','').  N   祭 3.

      騥  ਬ   権   

ப:
(* 権  ப *)

 VAR I           :INTEGER;
    R           :REAL;
    K1          :STRING[50];
    K2          :STRING[20];
    K3          :STRING[10];
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITELN(' ⮢ ணࠬ ࠡ  ப':50);
 WRITELN;
K1:='ABCDE';
I:=LENGTH(K1); (* ᫥  㠫쭮 ப*)
 WRITELN(K1,' - ',I,'   .');
 K2:='FGH';
K1:=CONCAT(K1,K2); (* ⥭  ப ६*)
 I:=LENGTH(K1);
WRITELN(K1,'- ⥯ ' I,'   ');
 K3:=COPY(K1,4,3); (* ஢ 3 ,稭  ⢥⮣  

.ப*) 
 WRITELN(K3,'  ࠧ  ',1,'  樨 4');
 K3:='E';
I:=POS(K3,K1);   (* 宦 樨 3  1*)
 WRITELN('   ப  ',1,'  ப  ',3,'  ⮨    ', I,'-TO  

樨');
 WRITELN;
DELETE(K1,4,3);  (*  ᪫祭    ப 1,稭 

 .4*)
 WRITELN(K1,'  ᫥ ᪫祭  ,稭  . 4');
 K3:='XXX';
INSERT(K3,K1,4;  (* ⠢ ᨬ   ப 1*)
⥫(1,'  ᫥ ⠢ ப ',3,'  .4');
 K2:='12,123';
VAL(K2,R,I);  (* ८ࠧ ப   ᫮*)
 WRITELN('R:3:3,'  ',I,'= .訡.  ७. I>0');
K2:='12.123';
VAL(K2,R,I);
WRITELN('  ப ', K2,'  ८ࠧ  ᫮ ', R:3:3);
END.
.CP7

         1.5.  ஥ ᫮ 㭪樨.
         ---------------------------------
         TURBO- ᪠ ⥫쭮  ⠭⭮  । 

᫥騥 ᫮ 㭪樨:
  FRAC   : 頥   ⢥   祭   ஡    

⢥  ᫠ (뢠  楫  ).᫥ 

६ ⮩ 㭪樥 ८ࠧ  .

 INT  : 頥  楫   ⢥ ᫠     -

    ⢥    ᫠,..    뢠   ஡    

    ⢥ ᫠  ८ࠧ 祭 ᫮   -

    ⢥ .
    
     ਬ:
 VAR A,B,C :REAL;
        D :INTEGER;
A:=1.2345;
D:=34;
B:=FRAC(D);  (* ६  B   祭 0.0*)
 C:=INT(D);   (* ६  C   祭 34.0*)
 B:=FRAC(A);  (* ६  B   祭 0.2345 *)
 C:=INT(A);   (* ६  C   祭 1.0 *)

       1.6.⠭ ᨢ.
       ------------------------------    

       TURBO  ।  ⨯ ⮢ ᨢ,   

  ஥ ।⢥   ,  ⮬  -

   ᨢ  ணࠬ ᫥  直 ।-
⥫  '  ⢥ত 樨  ६.   

 ⨯ ᨢ  ᫥騥:

      1.6.1    PORT  -  ⠭ אַ 饭    ⠬ 

;
      -----------
    饭:
     PORT[<  > ]:=< 祭>-뫪    < 

>
    
    <६>:= PORT[<     > ]- ⥭          

< >   ६ <६>.

<祭> - 楫 ᫮  0  255  筮    
⭠筮 ଥ.   ᫥ 砥 । ⭠-

 ᫮ ⠢  $,ਬ:
   -४祭     BAB3   뢮  ப (480  -

)-  VAR GROSS,PORTNR :INTEGER;
BEGIN
GROSS:=$02 (* ᢠ ਧ  ப*)
 PORTNR:=$40 (* ᢠ  *)
 PORT[PORTNR]:=GROSS;(* ४祭   뢮 480 *)
 END.
.CP3

      ⮢   祭     ᪨  -

    孨᪮ 㦨       ᯥ-

樠쭮   யࠬ  INTEL 8080, K  580, 80 

   DR.


1.6.2. MEM[< > ] -  ⮢ ᨢ 祥  . 
     -------------------     
     饭  ᨢ:
<६>:= MEM[< > ] -
              ⥭   ᮬ <>    ६ 

<६>; 
 MEM[<A > ]:=< ६> I< 祭>-
             뫪   祭  ६  <६>    

             ﬠ    楫 ᫠ <祭>      

              <>.
      ,    ᨢ " PORT"  祭 ६ - 楫 

᫠  0  255   $0  $ FF   ⭠筮 ଥ.
     祭     <>   楫  ᫮ 

ଠ쭮  (⨯  INTEGER  ᪠). 
        ਬ  , ᪮ 楫 

᫮ ଠ쭮   ᪠ ।⠢ 15 ⠬   

⮢(  -),     32767   $7 FFF  (2**15-

1) ।⠢  ⥫묨  ᫠,   32768   

$0800  65536  $ FFFF  ।⠢ ⥫묨 ᫠. 

 ⮬  32769 ($8001) ।⠢  -32767,  A   

65536, -0.
     ணࠬ ᫥ 짮 ਢ  ᮡ-

  ।⠢  ᮢ  אַ 饭       

᪠   TURBO.      饭    

   ⭠筮 ,     室 

᫥ ⥫ ࠦ ᮢ,  饣  

筮  .         
     ਬ  饭  :
 VAR I:BYTE
BEGIN
MEM[$F800]:=$41;(*  ᠭ $41   $ F800*)
I:=MEM[$F8A1] ;  (* 뫪 ᮤন  $ F8A1   ६-

  I*)
END.

     1.7.  맮 㭪権  BDOS    BIOS  樮 ⥬.
       -----------------------------------------------------

         TURBO   ᨨ     CP/M  (Z80) SU]ESTWUET WOZMOVNOSTX 

PRQMOGO   OBRA]ENIQ  K  FUNKCIQM  OPERACIONNOJ   SISTEMY.pOLNOE 

OPISANIE  \TIH  FUNKCIJ DAETSQ W RUKOWODSTWAH  PO  OPERACIONNOJ 

SISTEME,NAPRIMER  W UVE NEODNOKRATNO UPOMINAW[EMSQ  RUKOWODSTWE 

" SYSTEMHANDBUCH   SCP.ANLEITUNG  FUER  DER  PROGRAMMIEREN"  VEB 

ROBOTRON  BUEROMASCHIENENWERK  SOEMERDA,1985.  ⪮  ᠭ 

㭪権       CP/M-80       CP/M-86             

..ᥥ,..  ..뭠 "᮪  

    181086"  ୠ  "ய  ।⢠  

⥬"  N 1   1987.

       饣 ॢ     ஡ 

ਢ ᠭ  㭪権. , ॢ稪 祫 室-

    ᪨ ᮮࠦ ਢ   ᠬ  騥 

,  騥   樮 ⥬   CP/M-80 

(SCPX-1715).
    
      1.7.1.  ᭮    O   CP/M-80.
      ---------------------------------------------

       樮   ⥬    CP/M-80   ⮨     ᫥ 

㫥:

1) BDOS   -BASIC   DISC  OPERATING  SYSTEM   (    ᪮ 

樮 ⥬)

     ᮤন ணࠬ,ᯥ稢騥   묨 

 ᪨ ன⢠ /뢮: ⥫ﬨ   

, ன, ᯫ, ਭ஬  ..
    BDOS- 設  ᨬ  .  樨   㭪ﬨ 

 BDOS   ந   ᪮ ஢ ⥬ 맮    -

  ᯥ樠 .  ࠬ   맮   BDOS- 㭪権 

। 筮    쬨⮢  ॣ  " C"   業ࠫ쭮 

.  ࠡ  㭪権 頥    १ 

쬨⮢  ॣ   " A",    १    ⭠⨡⮢ 

() ॣ " HL".
        ⮬   맮 㭪権  BDOS     TURBO   ਬ-

  ଠ  <६>:=   BDOS(<  OME   㭪樨>,<ࠬ 

맮>),᫨  ॡ  १  ॣ ""   

<६>:= BDOSHL(<    㭪樨>,<ࠬ   맮>,᫨ 

ॡ  १  ॣ " HL".
    BDOS- 㭪   뢠  楤,   -

  ணࠬ   ᫮ १,     -

⢨,  ஥   A   㭪 ந  ணࠬ  :ਬ 

뢠  뢠 䠩,।   䠩   , 

砥  뢮 ਭ  ..
    १ ॣ " A"   " HL"   筮 , ᨣ-

騥   ᯥ譮 ࠡ 㭪樨,  ࠧ -

஢-ࠪ⨪ 譨 ன  ..    E ⢥-

,   㦥 ଠ  ᥣ   -

⥬  ணࠬ,    㦥    ணࠬ-ਪ-

.  ᠥ ।⢥ ⢨   BDOS- 㭪樨,   

   ⢨, ,  ந 맮 㭪樨 

   ⮣    뢠,  楤, ᮣ᭮  ᫥饬 

ଠ:
 BDOS(<   㭪樨>,<<ࠬ  맮>).   祢,   

맮   BDOS- 㭪樨  ⨯ 楤 ᮢ襭  ,㪠-

   맮 ଠ " BDOS"   " BDOSHL".

2) BIOS-BSAIC IN AND OUT SYSTEM (  ⥬ /뢮)
      BIOS-     設-ᨬ    .    ⢫ 

।⢥        譨  ன⢠   

䨧᪮  ஢       設-ᨬ묨  㭪ﬨ 

 BDOS.


        樮 ⥬ ᯥ稢  -

  樨  ࠧ  ।⢠,  ਬ, 

  業ࠫ ࠬ,  ᯮ騬 ࠧ ⥬ -

  騬 ࠧ ࠧ來.
      BIOS   ।⢥   १  BDOS  믮  ᫥騥 

㯯 権:
 - 樠 ⥬ ("宫"  "⥯" ᪨);
 - /뢮 ᨬ;   
 - 樨   ᪠;
    饭  ணࠬ  BIOS  ⢫ १ ⠪  -

    室,ᯮ   砫   BIOS.   ⮬ 

  ᠭ   ᫮ 室 ( JUMP)  K   -

砫 ᠬ 㭪樮 ணࠬ (⨭).
      室 । 㭪樨  BIOS  १  쬨 

ॣ" C"   १  ॣ " BC"   " DE"   ᨬ-

  祭 㭪樨.
     BIOS  頥 祭 १ 쬨 ॣ " A"   

 ॣ " HL".
     饭  - 㭪   TURBO  筮 ⠪ ,     

 BDOS- 㭪.    ⮬ ᫥  ணࠬ, ࠡ饣   

 TURBO,  樨    BDOS-,  ⠪    BIOS- 㭪ﬨ ந室  

᪮ ஢.
    
     ଠ 饭   BIOS,    㭪:
    - <६>:= BIOS(<  㭪樨>,<ࠬ 맮>)- 

  쬨⭮ ᫮ १ ॣ " C";
    -< ६>:= BIOSHL(<   㭪樨>,<ࠬ  맮>)-

  ⭠⨡⭮ ᫮ १ ॣ " HL".
   
       ଠ 饭   BIOS, KAK K  楤ࠬ:
    -  BIOS(<  㭪樨>,<ࠬ 맮>).
      
     ᫨  ॡ   १ ࠡ  BDOS      BIOS 

 १ ॣ஢  " HL" (   १, , 

ᮬ  ன  祩 ),  㦭 뢠  ᮡ 

।⠢   ᮢ     TURBO,        ਫ        

.1.6.2.,⠪    TURBO   ⠭⭮ ।⠢ ᮢ 

 ⭠筮 ଥ.

  3)  CP-CONSOL COMMAND PROCESSOR (   ࠢ). 

 CCP   । ࠢ ᫥ "宫"  "⥯"  -

᪠.
          ( CCP)  ⠥     

᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ,    뢠   

 १ ணࠬ ⠪,  DIR- ⥭   ᪠, 

 ERA -  㭨⮦ 䠩,  REN- २ 䠩,  TYPE- 뢮  

䠩  ࠭  ..
      ᫨  ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ ᯮ  -

   COM- 䠩, 뢠 ணࠬ 稪  ࠢ-

 । 㦥 ணࠬ   砭.
.4
      짮⥫᪨  ணࠬ  CP/M  १ࢨ    TPA-

TRANSIENT  PROGRAM ARIA (  ணࠬ  짮⥫).   

    ⥬  稪 頥  ᮫     

믮. 

    
         1.7.2. ᯮ   CP/M-80    .
         --------------------------------------------

      ।   ⥬ " TURBO"  ஡ ਢ 

    III.     㭪    饬 । 

     ﬨ 樮  ⥬.    㭪  

᫮ ।⠢ ᭮ ࠭⢮   ᯮ  

⮬ ࠭⢥ 㫥  CP/M:
      
                  ࠭  $ FFFF (64  )
                   ---------------------    
                    I     BIOS     I    ^
                   I              I    I
                   ----------------    I     12 ,
                    I     BDOS     I    I     OC CP/M-80 
                   I              I    I  
                   ----------------    I
                   I     CCP      I    I
                   I              I    V
                   ---------------------
                   I              I    ^
                   I     TPA      I    I       짮⥫᪠ 
                    I              I    I       48  
                    I              I    V
                   ---------------- -----   $100    
                    I    裡   I
                   I              I
                   ----------------
                      ࠭  $0000

         BDOS, BIOS, CCP   짮⥫᪮   TPA   㦥 

ਫ. 祭  裡 ᫥饥:
       ⮩  室  /뢮,  ࠢ 

䠩  ( FILE  CONTROL BLOCK)    室   㧪   O   

"⥯ ".
      
        1.7.3. ਬ 饭   BDOS    BIOS  㭪.
        ------------------------------------------------

      ਬ砭: 㭪樨 ࠧ ᨩ 樮-

  ⥬   ⫨  ਢ    ਬ,⮬ 

  ਬ, ᬠਢ  ⮫쪮,   

᢮,   㪮⢮  ࠪ᪮ ࠡ.
.

 PROGRAM BDOSTEST;
(*  맮  BDOS-    BIOS- 㭪権  ࡮-᪠*)
 VAR I,J,K,DRIVE :INTEGER;
             ST :STRING[80];
           SIGN :BYTE;
(*$I  PWIHEX.PAS*)  (*   INCLUDE- ⢥ত  뫠   

䠩*)
(*   ஬ 室 ணࠬ ८ࠧ  ᥫ  *)
(* ⭠筮 ।⠢ " WRITE_I_HEX"*)
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITELN('BDOS- 㭪樨  ࡮-᪠':30);
 WRITELN;
I:=BDOS(12); (*BDOS- 㭪 12->।  ᨨ  CP/M*)
WRITE(I,'/');(* 뢮  筮 ଥ  ᨨ 34   CP/M 2.2*)
WRITE_I_HEX(I); (* 筮    I=34   ᨨ   CP/M 2.2-*)
                (*- ⭠筮 ᫮ $0022.楤  WRITE_I_HEX *)
                (*  室  䠩  PWIHEX    INCLUDE- ⢥ত*)
 WRITELN;
ST:='  -  ⥪';  
 J:=ADDR(ST);   (* 祭  砫 ப  ST   *)
 BDOS(9,J);     (*BDOS- 㭪 9 ->뢮 ப  ST*)
WRITELN;
WRITE(J,'/'); (* 뢮 筮  砫 ப  ST   *)
 WRITE_I_HEX(J)(*=..=   ⭠筮 =..=                  *)
 WRITELN;
SIGN:=$41;(*  => $41, T.E. 㪢 ""   7 *)
 BDOS(5,SIGN); (* 뢮  ਭ 㪢 "" *)
 WRITELN(CHR(SIGN)); (* 뢮  ᯫ 㪢 " A" *)
BDOS(13); (*   ᪥⭮ ⥬   ᪠*)
 I:=BDOSHL(31); (* ⥭   ࠬ஢ ᪠ ( DPB)     HL*)
WRITE_I_HEX(I);(* 뢮   DPB   ⭠筮 ଥ*)
 END.

1.8.  ⥫ 襪 ⥪ - POINTERS,  ।   TURBO.
        -------------------------------------------------------------

         饭     TURBO  । ᫥騥 ஥-

 㪠⥫:
1)  STACKPTR  - 㪠⥫ ⥪  業ࠫ쭮 ;
2)   RECURPTR  - 㪠⥫ ⥪   ४ᨢ  맮 

楤;
3)  HEAPPTR   - 㪠⥫ "" -    ।塞 

᪠-஬ ᪨.

     ᥣ   ᫥  ,  誨  襯᫥ 

⥪  ᯮ   祭 ᮢ  ⠪,     

⥫⢠    ⭮襭:
         HEAPPTR < RECURPTR < STACKPTR.  
.CP6

     ᫨     㪠⥫ﬨ  ⭮襭 ணࠬ 

,   ந 뢠 ணࠬ, ,᪮ 

࡮   ஫ 믮 㪠  ᮮ⭮襭, 

     ६, ।塞    

 㪠⥫. (   III " ᪨ ६  㪠-

⥫").
     ਢ ਬ (   ࠪ᪮ 믮) 

ᯮ짮   㪠⥫   ⥪  業ࠫ쭮     -

 STACKPTRR.
<VAR>:INTEGER;
SRACKPTR:=<VAR>; (*  㪠⥫ ⥪*)
< VAR>:= STACKPTR;(* ⥭ 祭 㪠⥫ ⥪*)

ਬ:
 PROGRAM STACKTEST;
(*  ⮢ ணࠬ /⥭ 㪠⥫ ⥪*)
 VAR I:INTEGER;
(*$I PWIHEX.PAS*) (*  筮  INCLUDE- ⢥ত  .1.7.3 *)
 BEGIN
CLRSCR;
I:=0;
WRITELN('T  㪠⥫ ⥪':46);
:=檯;
(,''); (*  㪠⥫ ⥪  筮 ଥ*)
 WRITE_I_HEX(I);(* 뢮 =..=   ⭠筮 ଥ*)
 STACKPTR:=I;
WRITELN
END.
 
        権 /뢮 । 㪠⥫:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
㪠⥫                  ᮮ⢥騩 :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CONSTPTR                   CONST- 㭪樨  BIOS
CONINPTR                   CONIN- 㭪樨  BIOS
CONOUTPTR                  CONOUT- 楤  BIOS
LSTOUTPTR                  LSTOUT- 楤  BIOS
AUXOUTPTR                  AUXOUT- 楤  BIOS
AUXINPTR                   AUXIN - 㭪樨  BIOS
USROUTPTR                  USROUT- 楤  BIOS
USRINPTR                   USRIN - 楤  BIOS

         樨 /  TURBO  ⢫  ।-

 १  BIOS,  ⮬  ࡮   ᫮ -

      뢮    ਭ ᮤন  ࠭   

१   ^P.   ᫥⢨ ⮣ 楤  A/ 뢮    

ਢ  ⠡ 㪠⥫ 뢠   楤 

  . 饭  ࢨ 楤ࠬ (⨭)   BIOS    

ந ⠪  १  㪠⥫.
.6

 1.9.  䠩( CHAIN)   ᯮ  COM- 䠩 ( EXECUTE).
       -------------------------------------------------------------

      " CHAIN"   " EXECUTE"  ந 맮  ᯮ-

 ணࠬ 㣨 ணࠬ.
ଠ: CHAIN<  䠩>);< 䠩>- 䠩 ᯥ樠쭮-

  ⨯  (⨯  ". CHAIN").  ⮬ 䠩    楤   

  ASSIGN- 㭪樨 ᪠ 砥 , ஥   

⢥  ਡ  ⨯ ᮤঠ ਡ ". CHAIN".   

⮣ 䠩  ந ⤥쭮  ⠭  樨 

" COMPILING -> CHAIN" ( .  I  .2.1.11).
      ᫥  믮  맢   CHAIN- ணࠬ     

맢  ணࠬ  ந  । ६  

뢠饩 ணࠬ  뢠   ⢫.
      । 祭  ⮫쪮 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
 뢠饩  뢠 ணࠬ ଥ,祭  㦭 
।   ।  ⢥ত 樨 -

  筮           浪   

砫 ᯨ᪠ 樨.
        -  ᮫ ६.-

  ६ - ६, 頥  ᯥ樠  

 .  ᬮ७ ᮫ ६  室  

  ᮡ.
     ணࠬ, 祭   樨   CHAIN- 䠩, 

8    , 祬 ⭠ , 祭   

樨   COM- 䠩,  ⥬ 稪   㧨 

 CHAIN- 䠩  ᠬ⥫쭮  ।   ࠢ,᪮ 

㪠   㧪 室   楤, 뢠-
饩  䠩.
       CHAIN- 䠩   楤     -

묨!
    
      EXECUTE  -  ⢫ 맮 ࠭ ணࠬ, 饩 

⨯ ". COM".  뢠 ணࠬ 㦠  짮⥫ 

  ( TPA)     $100,   ⠪ ࠧ    -

 ணࠬ.
     맮  ணࠬ    ⢫       

 TURBO- ணࠬ    CHAIN/EXECUTE  ⢥ত, 㣨 

ᯮᮡ,  :
   TURBO  頥   ப    $80  祭 

$ FF, ᫨  ⨢     CHAIN   .    맮 

ணࠬ, ᪮஢     TURBO,   㣨 -࡮-

ணࠬ, ᫥ ,    맮  । -

 ப    $80, ⮬   ।᪠-

 樨  ६ 믮 ⠪ ࠬ.
.10 

      ᫥饬  ਬ ணࠬ  CHTEST   뢠  ணࠬ 

 CHAIN.
 ਬ   ,   ASSIGN- 楤    

뢠 ணࠬ.
 PROGRAM CHTEST;
(* ணࠬ   CHAIN- 㭪樨  । *)
 VAR CHFILE:FILE;
BEGIN
ASSIGN(CHFILE,'A:CHAIN.CHN');
CLRSCR;
WRITELN(' ணࠬ 1');
 CHAIN(CHFILE);(* 맮 ணࠬ " CHAIN.CHN"   ᪠ ""*)
 END.

PROGRAM CHAIN;
BEGIN
WRITELN(' ணࠬ 2')
 END.
      kAK  㦥 ਫ, 䠩 ⨯ ". CHAIN"  ।⢥   

㦥   ᯮ,    TURBO  ᨨ 2.00 X   -

    CHAIN    EXECUTE  ஥ ૥ ணࠬ.
     
       1.10. ७   CASE - 롮 .
       ------------------------------------------

         CASE  ᪠,  ⢥ 饩  -

樨, ୠ⨢ " ELSE".
      ਬ:
      VAR  A:CHAR;
      ....
     CASE A OF
          'A'   :WRITE('A');
          'B'   :WRITE('B')
     ELSE WRITE('  㣠 㪢.')
      END;
      ....
     
        1.11.  ஢ ⠭.
        -------------------------------
   
       TURBO    ⠭  㪠  ⨯.-

  ⨯஢  ⠭   㯮ॡ   ணࠬ 

  ଠ ⠭,   ६.஢ 

⠭,  ⮬ , ࠧ蠥 ॡࠧ뢠  ६.
ਬ:
 CONST A:INTEGER=104;
      B:REAL=12.1234;
      C:STRING[20]='  - ⥪';
.8

        2.⠭ ⥪⮢ 䠩.
        -------------------------------

          । ⠭ 䠩 ⨯  " TEXT": 

INPUT    OUTPUT.   饭  ⠭ 楤ࠬ -

   READ/READLN    WRITE/WRITELN  ᠭ     ⨬ 

䠩.
        ⠭묨 䠩  INPUT    OUTPUT  易 ᪨ 

ன⢠  CON- ᮫   TRM- ନ.
        䠩 ਬ 楤  ASSIGN, RESET,REWRITE 

I   CLOSE  -  饭.  ࠢ ⨬  䠩  ந 

१  饭       楤  /뢮  ⥬ 

㪠    ᯥ樠    ࠬ஢        READ/READLN      

 WRITE/WRITELN.   ࠬ   砫 ᯨ᪠ /-

뢮  ⤥   ⮩.
ਬ:
 WRITE(LST,' ⥪  '); (*뢮 ⥪  ਭ*)
 READLN(KBD,PASSWORD);          (*  ६  PASSWORD( ஫) 
                                 ࠦ   ᯫ*)

ଥ ᫥騥 ࠢ騥 ࠬ:

  INPUT            -CON    TRM  . (ࢮ砫쭮 - 室-

 䠩)
 
  OUTPUT           -CON    TRM  . (ࢮ砫쭮 - -

 䠩)

  CON              -CON  砥.
 
  TRM              -TRM  砥.

  KBD              - 砥         

 ࠦ  ࠭. 뢮 - ਬ.

  AUX              -AUX  砥. /뢮    

१ ⠭ ᫥⥫ ,  㦨 

樮  ⥬. ᫨  樮 ⥬ ⠪  

 ।ᬮ७ - ࠬ  ࠡ⠥.

 LST               -  ⢥ ன⢠ 뢮 砥 ਭ.

 USR               - ।  樨   䠩  -

 짮⥫.

     楤   SEEK      FLUSH, ࠢ    㭪樨   FILEPOS    

 FILESIZE -  ਬ  ⠭ 䠩 ⨯  TEXT. 
       ᯮ짮 㭪権   EOLN (END OF LINE-K  ப) 

  OF(END OF FILE-  䠩) ᫥ ਭ   , 

  ஢    砭 ப   䠩  ⥬  ஢ન 

  ண ᨬ ( :ᨬ  ⪨ -

$0 D    ^ )  ᫥ 騬 ᪨ ᨬ 䠩   

ப, ⮬   /뢮 ᠬ ᨬ  䠩   

 ப / ன⢠ /뢮  !

    2.1.  ଠ⭮ 뢮  楤  WRITE/WRITELN.
       ----------------------------------------------------------

         饭    ⥪⮢묨  䠩     

ଠ⮢.
ଠ  ଠ:  WRITE(F,E)
 ࠬ               VAR F:TXT;
                          E: 蠡,騩   E:N    E:N:M,
                               N    M- 楫 ᫠.
 E :CHAR          ᫥  N-1  ஡ 뢮 ᨬ;
 E :STRING        ப  ࠢ  ࠢ  蠡,
                 N  ⠬.
 E :BOOLEAN      TRUE    FALSE  ࠢ  ࠢ  蠡 
                 N  .
 E :INTEGER       祭  ॢ     ࠢ
                 ࠢ  蠡   N  .
 E :REAL          祭  ॢ     ࠦ
                 ࠢ  ࠢ  蠡   N   
                 M  묨  ᫥ 窨.᫨ ࠬ  M  
                , ⢥ ᫮ 뢮  䬨᪮
                ଥ   N  .
    ࠢ쭮  ࠬ஢ ଠ஢  -

 ஬   ᨭ⠪᪠ 訡.  
        WRITELN   ᯨ᪠ ६ ந 뢮 

⮩ ப (ॢ ப).
    
       3. 㦥  TURBO   ࠢ  ⠭ ᪠.
       ------------------------------------------------------

        TURBO  ⨢ ⠭⭮ ᪠   ᫥騥 

㦥:

楤   PUT      GET   祭    ࠭: 饭   

묨   ந      楤   WRITE/WRITELN     

 READ/READLN,     ⠭⭮ ᪠.

᫮ 室  楤୮    ࠧ襭.

 PAGE,   ⠭⭠  楤,  祭    ࠭.  

⪨ ࠭ ਬ   CLRSCR    WRITE(#12).

PACKED     祭  ᯨ᮪ 祢 ᫮    

᫮  "",  ⢨    ந.楤 

 PACK    UNPACK   裡  ⨬ -  祭  ࠭.

楤  㭪樨   । ࠬࠬ   㣨 

楤  㭪樨.

  楤  NEW     ᥩ   ਠ-

.  ᪫祭     ⥬ 饭    楤 

 GETMEM.

  ४ᨢ 楤  ᪠  ६   

⢥ ࠬ஢.

