. 1
.     1. .      
.   BDS C- . 㪮⢮ 짮⥫                      #      
                            1
                   --------------- 

                    


 1.    ࠭祭

    BDS-C   ॠ ࠢ ⢮ 몠 ணࠬ஢  C,
 ᮧ     UNIX    BELL LABORATORIES.   믮 
8080/ Z80  ப, ᭠饭   CP/M,      믮
  CP/M    ந쭮 ࠧ饭     ( 楫 設 ᥣ
  ).

    楫 ⮣ ஥   ७ ⢥ 䨫䨨
୮ ணࠬ஢,  ஬    UNIX,   
 ப.  BDS-C  ন 㦥 ।,  ன ਬ
ࠧ ⨫  CP/    , 䥪⨢, 㬠 䥩ᮬ 
ࠡ  ஬  묨 ਬﬨ.

    , ॠ   8080    ᤥ ⠪  襩,
    PDP-11.  樨  PDP-11( ⠪, ஢ ᢥ ,
室  ⮬᪮ । ) ॠ 䥪⨢
᫥⥫쭮  8080. ⮬,  BDS-C    ⠪  
㭨ᠫ 몮 ணࠬ஢  8080,   UNIX C    PDP-11;   ⠪
 ய  騥 8- 設,   
㢥७,     㯭 -, 騥 ⮫
䥪⨢ ,  ணࠬ஢  몥 ᥬ ⠭ ਥ.
⠩,   ਡ  .

   ⪮,  BDS-C    䥪⨢ (   ६)   ࠢ
 몮 ᥬ,  ᯥ稢  ୮  ⫨
  ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨.  ,    祡  設⢠ 
஬諥 ணࠬ, ਭᨬ    ࠢ  룮.


 1.1 ⥬ ॡ

   ࠪ᪨ 㬮 ⭮ 䨣樨, ॡ饩  BDS-C,  
40-⭠ ⥬   CP/M 2. . 設⢮  ணࠬ, 祭
 , 㤥 ஢ ( ᥣ樨)  믮  48 ⥬.

    BDS-C  㦠 室 䠩    ࠧ  믮 
 ,   । ⥪ १ .  ᯥ稢  .
 㧪 ⮬ 設⢠ ஬  ࠧ 権  
 ᪮  ⥭ 室 䠩    CRL- 䠩 ᬮ  , 
 믮 ⠪ ,  KA     CP/M.  ⥯ ࠭祭
⮩ 奬 砥  ⮬,  室 䠩   樨 
室  .   㬠   ,  :-ணࠬ
 ஬ 㭪権, 騬  孥 ஢  㭪. 
㭪 ᬠਢ ஬ ᨬ   ࠭᫨஢        
ᨬ  㣨 㭪権,  楫 ணࠬ.  ࠧ,ணࠬ
 ࠧ  ᪮쪨 室 䠩, ᮤঠ ६ ᫮
㭪権. 饭 ணࠬ  ᪮쪨 䠩 ᯥ稢 
६  ४ ᫥ ⥫ ,  ⠪ ন

室 䠩 ।  ࠭祭  .

 1.2   ।⢠ ᨨ 1.5

                 !   BDS-C    㤥 ࠡ  
 CP/M,  । 2. X.   ⮣, ⮡  २⢠ 堭
/뢮  CP/M 2.X,  ⨬   CP/M 1.4 (   ࠭ ﬨ)
ਭ  . 짮⥫,  騥  CP/M 2.X   ᯮ짮
 BDS-C V1.46.

 1.7.1   㭪樮   ᭮ 
 1.7.1.1     ப
 1.7.1.2    ᪠ ⥪
 1.7.1.3  稥  ।⢠  CC
 1.7.1.4   稥  ।⢠  CLINK 
 1.7.2    ।⢠ ஢   䠩
 1.7.3    ।⢠
 1.7.4  ᮢ⨬  ࠭ ﬨ

 1.8  㣨  ।⢠: ᢥ  짮⥫ । ᨩ

 1.8.1  祭 ᮤ ⥪
 1.8.2  襭 ஢ 
 1.8.3  אַ 
 1.8.4   ⥪  
 1.8.5  襭 ⢮  
 1.8.6  ᮢ⨬  ﬨ  1.4
.

.    1. .    ᭮ 䠩  

 1.9   ᯮ짮 

 1.9.1    ᭮ 䠩

     BDS-C   砥   䠩:
     
      C.COM        C-  - 䠧 1
      CC2.COM       C-  - 䠧 2
      CLINK.COM       痢  C
     CLIB.COM      C- ⥪

     䠩 , 筮 訢 ।஬ 痢:

      C.CCC           믮  ணࠬ 
      DEFF.CRL       ⠭⭠ ( 㬮砭) ⥪ 㭪権
      DEFF2.CRL      ⥪ 㭪権

    CC.COM    CC2.COM   ⠢ 㠫 .  CC  ⠥ 
 ᮤ 䠩, ࠡ뢠, ⠢  ஬筮 䠩 
,  ⮬᪨ 㦠  CC2   砭 樨  ᮧ
室  CRL- 䠩.  CRL (    C RELOCATABLE)  䠩 ᮤন
ᣥ஢ 8080-設  ᯥ樠쭮 ६⨬ ଠ.

   ,  CLINK,  ਭ  CRL- 䠩, ᮤঠ騩  ( MAIN)  㭪
 ஢      CRL- 䠩 ( DEFF.CRL, DEFF2.CRL    DEFF3.CRL
 ⮬᪨) ॡ㥬 稭 㭪権.  ⠪ 㭪樨 
易, ᮧ  COM- 䠩.

.

.   1. .          䨣

 1.9.2  䨣
                   
     BDS-C   ᪠   CP/M,   室  -
䨣ࠨ 楤.   樨   ।,
   ଫ 짮⥫  㢥祭  .
騥 ࠧ '  樨   롮.

       ࠡ⠥  MP/M II
      ---------------------

    ᫨  ᪠  BDS-C    MP/M II,    ॠᥬ஢ 
ॠ쭮 ६  䨪஬  MPM2  ࠢ 1 ( 室 ⠭
 0).  । 䠩  CCC.ASM,  ࠭᫨  ᯮ짮  ASM,
 ᯮ  LOAD  ᮧ  CCC.COM,   २뢠   C.CCC.
 
 1.9.2.1   䨣  CC    CLINK

    易⥫쭮  㤠-   ⨡⨢  ।
믮 - 䨪権!

    ᪮쪮 ࠨ 짮⥫ ।   CC.COM   
 CLINK.COM,  ࠢ塞 ᯥ樠묨 ⠬, ᯮ묨  砫 
 䠩. ਭ   ।⢠, ᯮ  DDT    SID  
⥭  CC.COM    CLINK.COM   , ந     S,
  < CTRL>C  , ᯮ   SAVE CP/M,  뢠 ஢
ணࠬ ⭮  .

   ८ࠧ ⭠  " NEXT"  , 뤠  DDT    SID,  
 뤠   SAVE    ஢ ᨨ  ,
ᯮ ᫥騩 : 砫,   ᠬ  ⭠
  ᫨    (ਬ, 380  3, ஥
 60 筮). ⥬  ⮣  1, ⮫쪮 ᫨  ࠢ 
 00 ( ਬ, 60 ⠭  60, ⮬   ࠢ묨 ࠬ
 380  80,   00). 祭 祭  ᫮,   SAVE.

   CC.COM    CLINK.COM    O ஢ ⨡⮢  
䨣樨.      CC.COM   0155 H,     CLINK.COM O 
ࠢ 0103 H.    ᫥ :
      
              㭪                                 㬮砭

   +0       㬮砭  筮 ᪠           FF ( ⥪騩)
   +1       㬮砭  筮              FF ( ⥪)
                짮⥫
   +2         ࠡ⪨  SUBMIT- 䠩           00 ( )
    +3       ࠧ襭 뢠  ᮫ (0  1)  01 (ࠧ襭) 
   +4       믮 祣           00 ()

   ⨬,       .

      䨣樨 ⤨  짮⥫  
饭   "筮 ࠢ筨"  "  㬮砭"  CC  
 CLINK.    CC   ࠢ筨 㪠뢠,  ᪨ 䠩,
  祭   # INCLUDE   㣫 ᪮,  ⠪ 
  CC2.COM   믮 ன 䠧 樨 ( 䠩, 祭

  窨, ᥣ ⠢ # INCLUDE  ᪠ ⥪饥 
䠩  ᮮ⢥⢨  䨣樥).   CLINK    , 
᪨ 䠩  DEFF.CRL, DEFF2.CRL    DEFF3.CRL ( ᫨ ),   C.CCC,
A T     CRL- 䠩, 㪠   ப  CLINK,   
   ⠬ , 㤠     CRL- 䠩.

    㬮砭 筮 ᪠ 祭 0  K 뢠  , 1 砥
  B   ..,  A  祭  FFH  砥,  ⥪騩 ⠭  
ᯮ  㬮砭  筮 ᪠.  㬮砭 
짮⥫ 祭 0-31 ।⠢ ,  祭  FF  㪠뢠, 
⥪   㬮砭  筮 .   
 㯠 ᪮䨣஢묨   FFH,  ⠪  ⨡⨢   V1.50
   ।  ᮢ⨬   ࠭ ﬨ,   
⥪騥     㬮砭 ᥣ ᮤঠ  䠩.

   ⨩ 䨣樮  㪠뢠,    CP/M  ᮤন 䠩
$$$. SUB,     믮  SUBMIT.  묨 祭ﬨ
  ,    㬮稢 ⥪. 

    CLINK  ᥣ ⠥  騩  SUBMIT- 䠩  稨 訡,  
६   CC  ⠥   ⮫쪮  㪠 樨 -.  
設⢮ ⥬ ᥣ 頥 䠩$$$. SUB    ,  
㬮砭   CC    CLINK.  , ᫨ 짮⥫  ᯮ짮 
䠩 $$$. SUB   ⥪騩   ᪠ ,    㦭 
 01 H   0 FFH.

    ⢥ 䨣樮   䫠, ᮮ騬  CC    CLINK,
   ⥬ ᮫ 뢠 믮   < CTRL>C.  ᫨
ࠧ襭 ( ),     ᮫  ६ 믮 
㤥 ஢, ஬  < CTRL>C,    뢠
  頥 ࠢ   ஢. ᫨ 饭 (),
   ᮫  㤥 ࠡ뢠.    ॠ 
뢠 ⥬, ᠬ 㬥  ०६   
뢠  訢   ᮫.
 
    (⥫)  ࠢ 饭  CC    CLINK   稩
  襭 ࠡ⪨   ⮬   ᮫
  - ᪮ ⨢. ணࠬ 室 ஥묨 
 אַ   CCP,    ᮤঠ "" ( FAKE) CP/M  ⥬ ( 蠫
   CROMIX CP/M ),  אַ    CCP   ࠡ⠥ ࠢ쭮. 
⭮ ⮬,  樮 ⥬ । ࠢ 㪠⥫
⥪  ࠭ ,    CC    CLINK    , 
᮪蠥 ⥬. ᫨  ᪠   ந室  ᫥
뢮   ४⭮ 室 䠩, ஡ ⠭  祣
  㫥 祭.

   ⪮:  䨣樮 奬  짮⥫, 騬
᪨ 让 , 롨 ⤥    짮⥫ 
࠭  ⠭    䠩.  ᪠ 
  ᬠਢ   ன⢮, ᫨    ,
 ⭮    㣮 .
 
   ⨬,   CC2.COM   㦤  ன, ⠪   CC.COM  । 
 㦭 ᢥ  । ࠢ.



 1.9.2.2  樨  믮           

    CCC.ASM  ন ।  䨪஢,   
ᯮ짮 짮⥫.   2  ஡⥩,  
࠭᫨஢ 믮  ᮮ⢥騬 ࠧ ஢
⥪.

          稭騩 짮⥫   ஦,  
       ४䨣樨  믮  ந   ,       
       ⠭⭮ ਬ  P/M  筮  뢠 ᯮ⢠.
                     
   䨪  NFCBS    CCC.ASM  । ᨬ쭮 ᫮ 䠩, 
     ६.  ਡ⨢ ᨨ  ⠭  8,
᫨  ॡ  ६  䠩,   
  室 祭 ( 塞 䠩 㤫  믮
 38 ⮢).


 1.9.2.3  䨣  BDSCIO.H    HARDWARE.H

     䠩 ⠭⭮ /뢮  BSCIO.H  ন ।
⠭  NSECTS,   ࠢ ⢮ 䠩 ஢ 
⥪ ਧ /뢮.  NSECTS  室 ᣥ஢
 8, ⠪  1024   ਧ  ᪮ . 
 ᪠  ⥬, 饩 ࠧ ᥪ 1, ⮣   
 NSECTS   8  1, ᪫  ਧ  㢥稢  7/8 ⮢
᢮   ⮣ 䠩.
 
   ⥬-। ࠪ⨪ 㤮, ⠪   ⮢
/뢮, ᪨  .., ঠ  筮 䠩  HARDWARE.H.  ।
樥  ணࠬ,   䠩,  HARDWARE.H   
஢  ⮡ࠦ ࠪ⨪ 㤮 楫᫨⥫쭮
⥬.


 1.9.3  筠 

    ⢥ ਬ,  ਢ ᫥⥫쭮 樨 
।஢ 痢 室 䠩  FOO.C.

     뢠 :

       A>CC FOO.C <ET>

   ᫥ 뢮 室 ᮮ饭  ⠥ 室 䠩  FOO.C 
  ᪠  ࠡ⠥ ஥ ६.  ⢨ 訡  CC  뤠
ᢥ  ᯮ짮   㦠  CC2.COM. CC2  த ࠡ
, ᫨  訡, 뢠   䠩  FOO.CRL.

    騬 蠣 ᪠ । 痢:

       A>CLINK FOO [ 㣨 䠩  樨 ] <ET>

    ᫨  । 뫮  㭪樨, ᮧ 䠩  FOO.COM,  ⮢

 맮 १

       A>OO [  㬥 ] <ET>

         :  ப    COM  䠩   
  CP/M    ஡.  ᠥ ⠪   COM  䠩, ᮧ
஬  ।஬, ᪮ 騥 ஡  ப
ਢ  ࠢ쭮   ARGC    ARGV.

     ᫥ ⠫쭮 ᠭ ᨭ⠪ .
.

.   1.            CC -  

 1.9.4   CC -                           

   ଠ :   C  .७  [  樨  ] <ET>

       ७   ⨬묨,  饯ਭ
७   C  ணࠬ  " C". CC  砫 ⠥  䠩
 筮  ; ᫨ ७    䠩  , 
 CC     䠩 ७ . C    ࠧ ⠥  䠩
  ᪮஢ .

   ᫨   䠩  㪠  ᪠ (ਬ  B:FOO.C), TO
 室 䠩   ᯥ஢   뢮 
ࠢ   .  䠩, 祭   窨 
  # INCLUDE,   ᯮ짮  짮⥫/᪠, ⭮
 , 㪠   ப.

    < CTRL>C    ६  맮  ᭨  
頥   ஢, ᫨  CC    ᪮䨣஢ 
஢ ᮫,   ᠭ   ࠧ 䨣樨.

      䠩   ᯨ᮪ 権 樨 
। . ন ᫥騥 樨:

 -           뢠 뢮 室 ⥪  ᮫ 짮⥫,
               ⮬᪨ ᣥ஢묨 ࠬ ப ᫥ 믮
               ⠭ # DEFINE   # INCLUDE.     
              㦥 ࠢ ࠧ⥫ ਥ: 
              ਩   ᫥騩 ⥪ 祧訬 
              믮 - P,   ᫥   ᮮ頥 , 
              稭 ࠢ쭮 ࠭祭 ਩. ⨬, 
               뢮   ࠢ  ன⢮  CP/M "LIST"  ⥬
               < CTRL>P  । ᪮  CC.

-A D [N]       ⮬᪠ 㧪  CC2.COM   짮⥫᪮   N 
               ᪠  D,  ᫥ ᫥ ᯥ譮 襭  CC.   㬮砭,
               CC2  ਭ ᯮ  ⥪饬 ⨢ ᪥  
               ।  楤 䨣樨 ᪥  짮⥫᪮
              . ᫨  ᪠ 㪠 " Z",   ஬ 䠩 ". CCI" 
               뢠    쭥襩 ࠡ⪨  맢  CC2,
                  ⪨ ⮬᪮ 㧪  CC2.

-D X           ਢ    CRL- 䠩    X,  ᫨  믮  CC
                 CC2   뫮 㦥 訡. ᫨  ⠪  - A Z,
              TO -D  砥   ,   뢠 䠩  CCI.
                㬮砭, 砥   ,  ண 뢠
              室 䠩.

- M XXXX        뢠 ⭠ 砫    믮
              ( C.CCC),   ᯮ ஬  樨 
               ⠭ ਬ.
               믮   㬮砭 ⠭  ⮢ 
               ࠭ ணࠬ ( TPA) CP/M.  ᫨  ⮩ 樨
              ୠ⨢  A ,  TO  室 ࠭᫨஢
               C.CCC   ⥪ ணࠬ  設 몥  

               । ।஢,  ᯮ짮 樨 - L, -E   - T
                ᢮ 祭   ᯮ짮  CLINK.  
               2  쭥 ஡⥩ ᯮ짮 ⠭
              ਬ '   BDS-C.
              C.CCC,   ᥣ 室  砫 ᣭ஢ 
               COM- 䠩,    ⤥    㣨 (᫨ 
              ) 㦠 ᥣ⮢ 㭪権.
               CC2   ᯥ譮 ⮬᪨ 㦠, 筮 - 
              ⠪ 䥪.

- E XXXX           砫 (⭠) 
               譨   ६ 믮. 筮  
              ᫥  ᫥ ⮬  ணࠬ,   譨 
             㯭 १ ᯥ樠 㪠⥫, ⠭  CLINK   
               ॠ쭮 ६.  ᯮ짮 -, 
                 אַ 㯠  譨  (ᯮ
               LHLD    HLD)   ᯮ짮 㪠⥫ 譨 .
              ⪨   맮 ணࠬ   譨 .
             
              ।०:  ᯮ    ⫠ ணࠬ;
               ண ࠢ쭠, ⮣    樥 -;
              ⠭ 譨   㣮  (⮣  㤥
              ).  祭 "  LAST CODE ADDRESS"   뢮
              ⨪  CLINK  ⭠ ࠧ   ⥬ ᭮    
              ஢  㪠   樨 -.  㬥蠩
               ᫨誮, ,    ᮧ ணࠬ, ४뢠
               㪠  譨  ( CLINK    ᮮ). 
               CC2  㤥 ᯥ譮 ⮬᪨ 㦠, - 筮 
              ⠪ 䥪.
               ⠪  - E CLINK   ⠭ ⠫. ⨬,
                CLINK  㤥 뢮ᮮ饭, ᫨  譨 ,
               ⮩ 樥, ४뢠 樮 ⥬ 
              ணࠬ.

-            ਢ  樨 , ⨬஢  ᪮. 
              筮    । 㤮 
              ᫥⥫쭮ﬨ 맮 ᮮ⢥ ணࠬ 
              ६ 믮; ६   㤫 ,  ⠪
               믮  맮 ணବ.
              ᫨ ᯮ짮  -, 設⢮ 맮 ணࠬ
                (⮩ ணࠬ).  ਢ  
              ன (  ) '⭮ ணࠬ.
               ᠬ     樨 -  -.
               ᠬ ⪨   ᯮ짮  -  
                 -.

-            ᯥ稢 㤠 祣   SUBMIT  맮, ᫥饣 
             樥,  ன 㦨 訡. ᥣ,   CC
               ᯮ짮   SUBMIT- 䠩, - X     ப ࠥ
              "$$$. SUB"  ६ 䠩 । ⮬   ஢
               訡筮 樨.   CC  ᯮ짮 ⤥쭮, - X
               㤥 ⮫쪮 뢠 㦭 ࠡ ᪠    
              ᯮ짮.

- R X           ࢨ  X K  ⮢  ⠡ 䨪஢. ᫨

             㦥 訡 " OUT OF SYMBOL TABLE SPACE",    
               ᯮ짮  㢥祭 ࠧ ⠡.
              , ᫨  稫 訡 " OUT OF MEMORY",   
              ᯮ짮  - R  㬥襭 ⠡ 䨪஢
               뤥 襣   室 ⥪.  㬠, 
               㬥 室 䠩.  㬮砭, ࠧ ⠡
              䨪஢ ࠢ 10.

- C             묨  ਨ, ⠢ ⠢
              ਨ ⠪ ,    UNIX.C.  ਬ,   
              - C,  ப, ⠪ 
              
                 /*  PRINTF("HELLO");     /*    HELLO */

               ᬠਢ 祭묨 ﬨ. ᫨ - C   ,
               㤥  ᫥⥫쭮 /* ᫥ ⠪
              , ⮡  ਩.
                 

    室 䠩   ᮤঠ  63 । 㭪権;
,   ணࠬ    ᪮쪨 室 䠩,
   砥  63 㭪権.
   
    㦥 訡  CC    蠥 ࠡ⪨ ன
䠧     CCI- 䠩   (  ᨬ  
権).

    ࠡ⪨:  20 ப  ᥪ㭤. ᫥ 㧪 室
䠩    饭     襭 ࠡ⪨  ⠩
ਥ 砭  ᠬ 襥  N/20  ᥪ㭤 (  N   ᫮ ப
室 䠩)    ,  祭 ᫥ ᪮ ...
⥬ ᯮ.   

   ਬ:

       A>FOOBAR.C -R12 -AB <ET>

 뢠  CC   䠩  FOOBAR.C,  ⠭ ࠧ ⠡ 䨪஢
12,  CC2  ⮬᪨ 㦠  ᪠  B.

      A>CC B:BELLE.C -P -O <ET>
 뢠  CC   ᪠  A   䠩  BELLE.C   ᪥  B.    ࠬ ᫥
ࠡ # DEFINE   # INCLUDE  뢮  ᯫ.  ⢨ 訡
㦠  CC2   ⨢ ᪠   ᪠  㬮砭 (.  1.9.2).
祭  ⨬஢  ᪮.
. PA
.HE   1. .          CC2 -   
 1.9.5   CC2 -   

   ଠ : CC2   䠩 < ET>

    筮  CC2  㦠 ⮬᪨     㦭.  
 䠩 . CCI  㦠    ࠡ뢠.

    ⢨ 訡  䠩 . CRL   㤠 䠩 . CCI
( ᫨ ).


    CC2    権.

       CC,  ,  㪠   䠩, ᯮ  
 뢮.

     CC  ⮬᪨ 㦠  CC2,  ᪮쪮 , 㯭  CC2,
 ⠭  ᮮ⢥⢨  ﬨ, 묨   ப   CC.
   CC2  뢠  ( ⮬᪮ 㧪),  짮⥫
 ᬮ  ⥬, ⮡  祭 뫨 ⠭  ॡ
। ⥬,   CC2  筥 믮. 筮   ॡ,  ᫨
  祭  ᪮   室   CC2  ⤥쭮, 
ਢ 祭  ,    ⠭:

      㬮砭       㭪

   0103       00        -      ⨭, ᫨  CC2  㦥 ⮬᪨,
                                 .
   0104       01        -      , ᫨  - (⨬  ६),
                                 1.
   0105-6     0100 H     -       砫   C.CCC  .

   0107-8             -        譨 .

   0109       00        -      ⨭, ᫨    譨 ,
. HE    .         륨 ᭮ 䠩                                 0.                                  

   ⭠⨡ 祭    ⠢묨  浪 ⠬
(訩  - , 訩  - ன).

    믮  C2:   70 ப  ᥪ㭤. 

      ᮫ < CTRL>C    ,  뢠 
ࠢ 頥   ஢.

   ਬ:   A>CC2 FOOBAR <ET>
.PA

.HE   1.            CLINK -  । 里  C
 1.9.6  CLINK -   痢  C

    ଠ :  CLINK    [  㣨   樨  ] <ET>

    䠩 . CRL   ᮤঠ  ( MAIN)  㭪;   樨
- F   㭪樨  . CRL    㣨  CRL- 䠩 㦠  ।㥬  
ணࠬ.   樨 - F    ப,     䠩
롨 ॡ㥬 㭪樨, ..  ।஢ 㯠 ⮫쪮 
㭪樨,   㦤 ।騥 㭪樨 ( ।  
⥪饣  CRL- 䠩). ᫥ ࠡ⪨   㪠 䠩 ⮬᪨
ᬠਢ ⠭  䠩  DEFF*.CRL   祭 㦭
 㭪権. 冷 ᬮ  䠩:  DEFF.CRL,DEFF2CRL
   DEFF3.CRL ( ᫨ ᮧ 짮⥫). ᫨ 짮⥫ ࠧࠡ⠥ 㭪樨,
騥 , ᮢ騥   㭪権  ⮬᪨ 뢠
⥪,   㭪樨 ᥣ  롨    䠩, 
㪠  ப. ᫨  㭪樨 饭   DEFF3.CRL,   
    ⮫쪮 ᫥ 㤠  㭪権  ⥪
 DEFF.CRL    DEFF2.CRL.

     㬮砭,  CLINK  ⠥   㪠  CRL- 䠩  ⥪饣 ᪠,
   䠩 ( C.CCC    DEFF*.CRL) -   ᪠    짮⥫,
।   䨣樨 (.  1.9.2). ᫨  ᪠  
   䠩,    砥    CRL- 䠩,
   ப.  㣨  CRL- 䠩  ᮤঠ 
짮⥫ / .

   ᫨ 㪠  CRL- 䠩  室 ᮣ᭮ ਢ ࠢ ᪠,
 ந    짮⥫   ᪥, ⠭ 
㬮砭 (. 1.9.2).   짮⥫ ࠧ 騥 ⥪
  짮⥫   ᪥  㬮砭,    㯭묨 
।஢  㪠 㣨  짮⥫  ᪮.

   ᫨ ᫥ ᬮ   CR- 䠩  ࠧ襭 뫪,  CLINK
 室  ࠪ⨢ ०. 짮⥫ 뢠  
㭪権, ᫥ 祣    CRL- 䠩  ᪠  㭪権.

   < CTRL>C      뢠 ஢  頥
ࠢ   ஢.

   ᮪   CRL- 䠩  ᮤঠ 樨 ।஢, । 묨
⠢ .  ᫥騥 樨:

- S             뢮  ᮫  㧪  ⪩ ⨪.

- F  ...     뢠 ᬮ 㪠  䠩   㧪.  CLINK
               ⮬᪨ 㦠  㭪樨  㪠  
              ப 䠩   ,     . 
              ⮣  䠩  M ਢ.  ।⢮ 室 
              裡  ணࠬ 㭪権,  ।⥫ 뫪 
              㭪樨  㣨 䠩. 
              ⨬,    ࠡ⠥ 筮 樨 - L  ।  L2.
 
-E XXXX        ⠭ ⭠    譨 .
              筮   ᫥  ᣥ஢묨 , 
               -    㬮砭. 

             ।,  祭  ᯮ짮, ᫥ E  
                CLINK,     CRL- 䠩  樥 - S    樨 -,
              ᠢ " DATA START AT:"  , 뢥  CLINK   ⮣
             . ⥬ ᭮ 믮 ।஢, ᯮ    
              ᨬ   ᮢ, 祭  ।஢ 
              - 樨 ( 訩   䠩 " DATA STARTING ADDRESS"
                ࢮ ம).
               ᮧ   ,   ᯮ  뤥
                譨   .
              ᫨   CRL- 䠩   樥 -,   CLINK
               ⮬᪨ 㧭 ,    ப  CC,
               , ᫨ 㣨  CRL- 䠩,    ப  CLINK,
               ᮤঠ 㭪樨 ᪮஢  樨 -   ᫨ 祭
              ᮢ  譨  ⫨     㭪樨,
              ᮧ  COM- 䠩 㤥 ࠢ. ᫨  CRL- 䠩  뫨  
              ᪮஢  樨 -,    ।஢, ᫨
              ⮫쪮  -   CLINK  㪠  㥭⮬, ᮢ騬
               㬥⮬ 樨 -   CC   樨  㭪樨.

- S             頥 㫥  譨   ᪥ ணࠬ.
              ᫨   ,  譨   ந
              祭.  㣮 ஭, ᫨  ,  譨
               .

-        ⠭ 砫 ⥪  㪠 ⭠ .
               砫  COM- 䠩 頥   LXI SP,XXXX.    CP/M
               祭   , 祬 ⠭  ணࠬ
                  譨 .  ᯮ짮  祭
                 1   , ᯮ㥬 ⥪.
                   O ,  砫  COM- 䠩 
              
                        LHLD  +6    ; 㧪 㪠⥫  BDOS
                       SPHL           ;  ⠭  SP    BDOS

-O          ਢ  뢮  COM- 䠩 . COM.  ᫨   㪠 ,
               䠩 뢠  ᯥ஢ .  㬮砭,
              䠩 뢮  ⥪騩 . ᫨   ᪠  
             䠩,   COM- 䠩 뢠  㪠   
              

- N              १騩  COM- 䠩 ࠭騬  믮
               ᮫  ( CCP) CP/M   ४ 
              ⥪.  ᮪頥 㯭   2 ,  
              ⠪ ணࠬ ᥣ 頥 ࠢ   ஢
               祣 . ⮬, - N    ⪨ 
              ᯫ㥬 ணࠬ. ⨬,     ⠪ 
              䥪,    NOBOOT     COM- 䠩;  NOBOOT  ࠭,    
               ணࠬ, ।஢ 㣨 ।ࠬ, ⠪ 
               L2,  ⠪   CCP   祣 .
              - N     -, ⮬   樨 䫨
               ।⥭ ⤠ 樨 -.

- W             뢠 ⠡ 䨪஢    䠩 . SYM  
              䠩 ᮤন 䨪  ᮫  ।
               㭪権, 祭  ।஢.  

              ᯮ짮 ᨬ᪨ ⫠稪  SID   樥 - Y  
               ४뢠 ᥣ⮢.

- Y          ⠥ 䠩 . SYM   ⠡楩 䨪஢  ᯮ
               ।  㭪権 믮塞 ।஢.
              樨 - W   - Y  ஥஢  ᮢ᭮ ࠡ  ᮧ
              ૥ ᫥騬 ࠧ:
               । ୥ ᥣ ( ணࠬ, 
              ⨫  믮, 㦠   ࠭
              ணࠬ,  ࠢ ࢮ),   
              - W   뢮   ⠡ 䨪஢, ᮤঠ饩 
              ।  㭪権 ୥ 䠧. ⥬,  ।஢
              ૥ ᥣ,  - Y   ⥭ ⠡
              䨪஢ ୥ ᥣ  ।饭 ⭮
              ஢ 㭪権   ⥪.  楤 
                 ᪮쪮 ஢:  ६ ।஢
              ૥  - W      樥 - Y,  ᯥ稢
                 饭 ⠡ 䨪஢, ᮤঠ饩
               ।  ⠭ ⠡ 䨪⮮  
              묨 묨 ।ﬨ 㭪権. ૥ ᥣ 
              믮 ᮡ⢥ ૥,  ..   ⮫쪮 ஢,
              ᪮쪮 室.  ⨬,   - Y  樨  
              ப  CLINK  ⢥, ..   樨 䠩 㤥    
              ᬠਢ ᫥ ᬮ   CRL- 䠩,  
               ப  樨 - Y.   ࠧ,  ᥣ
               - Y    ᫥    CRL- 䠩.
              ᫨ 䨪, ⠥   SYM- 䠩, 㦥 ।, 
               ᯫ 뢮 ᮮ饭,  ⠥ ஥ ।.
               쭥 ᥤ  ᯮ짮 樨 -  Y  ᬮ
              ਫ  ૥.   

- I XXXX         ⠭ ⭠  㧪 ᣥ஢
              .   室 ⮫쪮  樨 ૥
             ᥣ (  樥 - V)    ᮧ , 믮塞
               ⠭⭮ ⠭.  ᫥ 砥 室
              ४䨣஢  CCC.ASM   ᢠ   ᮧ 
                C.CCC   ᮬ  XXXX.   ⮬ 砥   ⠪
              ᯮ짮 樨 -  -  । ⥩ .

- V             뢠,  㤥 ᮧ ૥ ᥣ.  믮
               砥  ᣭ஢ ,⠪  ਭ,  ૥
              㤥 㦥      믮 㦥 㤥
              १⭮   砫  ࠭ ணࠬ ( 
              㬮砭),   , 㪠 樥 - M    CC.

-C D [N]       뢠  CLINK  롨  䠩 ( DEFF.CRL, DEFF2.CRL
              C.CCC  , ,  DEFF3.CRL)   㣨  CRL- 䠩, 㪠 
               ப,     ⥪饩  짮⥫
              ⥪饣 ᪠ (  㣮 ᪥, 㪠 䨪ᮬ 
                 CRL- 䠩)    N  ᪠  D.    ⬥
              㬮砭, ᠭ   䨣樨 (.. 1.9.2.

- D [" " ]      ண ஢, - D   ਢ    COM- 䠩,
              祭  ।஢,  ⥭  ᪠. ᫨ 㪠
              ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢   窠,  䥪 ⠪ ,  
               ᪥ १   CCP   ࠬࠬ. 
              - D   ᯮ짮  ᥣ⮢  ᮬ 㧪, ⫨
               砫  ࠭ ணࠬ(..- D   ᯮ짮
              ⮫쪮 ୥ ᥣ⮢).
               ࠧ襭 ७ 䫨⮢ - D    
               樨 - N.

-R XXXX        뤥  XXXX ( ⭠筮) ⮢  ⠡ 뫮
              (㬮砭 600 H.     ᯮ짮  㢥祭
              ⠡ 뫮  뢮 ᮮ饭  " REF TABLE OVERLOW".

    ਬ:

            > CLINK TED -S -T 6000 -O JOYCE  <ET>

   CLINK  뢠  䠩  TED.CRL,  ঠ騬  㭪, 
।  ᥬ 㭪ﬨ   TED.CRL   㣨 㦭묨 㭪ﬨ 
 DEFF.CRL, DEFF2.CRL  , ᫨ ,  DEFF3.CRL.    ।஢
뢮 ⪠ ⨪, ⥪ ⠭   6000,  COM- 
뢠  JOYCE.COM
 
            A>CLINK B:LOIS 6/C:VICKY -F JANET -S <ET>
                 
     ⮬ ਬ  CLINK  㦠  㭪樨   B:LOIS.CRL   6/ C:VICKY,
 롨ࠥ  室 㭪樨   JANET.CRL (  ᪠  B,  ,  ,
 ஬ 室  LOIS.CRL,   㬮砭  ⮣ ।஢),
  䠩 (   짮⥫  㬮砭, . .1.9.2),
 襭 뢮  ⨪.     -,  CLIK
    ࠭ ணࠬ 㯭    . 
 COM- 䠩  LOIS.CMD (   㬮砭, ..    -), 뢠
 ⥪騩 .

            .   । ᪮쪮 䠩, 
譨 ६, ⮣  䠩  ᮤঠ  樨 譨
६, ᯮ㥬  㣨 䠩.  ॡ ⮬,   CLINK 
 । ࠧ  譨    䠩,    祭
ᯫ  ⠭ ࠬ஢  १饬  COM- 䠩 ⠪ ࠧ,
⮡ 筠 㭪  ENDEXT()  頫 ४⭮ 祭. 
⮬,  譨 ६  BDS-C  䠪᪨ ஦, 祬 騥 ( COMMON)
  ࠠ  譨 ६  UNIX C,   冷 譨 ।
     室 䠩 ணࠬ. 筮 ⮩ 䠩
, ᮤঠ騩  譨 樨, 砥 ( # INCLUDE)  
 室 䠩 ணࠬ  ᯥ祭 ᮣᮢ.

.

.   1.            CLIB - C- ⥪

 1.9.7   CLIB - C- ⥪


   ଠ :  CLIB <ET>

    ணࠬ  CLIB  ᯥ稢  A)  ६饭 㭪権   CRL- 䠩,
)२, 㤠  ᬮ ⤥ 㭪権, ) ᮧ 
 CRL- 䠩, ) ᬮ ᮤঠ  CRL- 䠩.

   । ࠧ஬ ஢  CLIB,  ਢ ᢥ    CRL- 䠩:

    CRL- 䠩 ⮨  ⢠ ᪮஢ -㭪権, 設 
  㫥  . । 㭪権 뢠 ᯨ᮪
६⨬ ࠬ஢,  ᯮ  CLINK   ࠡ⪨ ६⨬
ᮢ.  㭪 㪠뢠 ⠪  稭 㭪権, 뢠
  㭪権. , ६⨬ ᯨ᮪  ᯨ᮪ ॡ㥬 㭪権 
뢠 㭪樮 㫥.

     ᥪ  CRL- 䠩 ᮤঠ  , ᮤঠ饥 ᯨ᮪
 㭪樮 㫥   権  䠩. 騩 ࠧ  CRL- 䠩 
 ॢ 64  (⮬,  㫨  塠묨 ᠬ),
 ⨬쭠 䥪⨢ ⨣ ࠭祭   CRL- 䠩 ࠧ஬
 䠩 ⥭  CP/M (16  )

    ஡ ᢥ   CRL- 䠩 ᬮ   2.

   맢  CLIB  뢮 砫 ᮮ饭  " FUNCTION BUFFER SIZE".  
 뢠, ᪮쪮  뤥  ६饭 㭪権. ⪠
६   㭪樨 襣 ࠧ ஢.

    樠,  CLIB  뢮  (*)   .

    CRL-  뢠  権 

      *  OPEN   -䠩 -䠩 < ET>

     䠩  ன  0  9,  樨  㪠 
䠩,  䠩 㤥 . ६     10 䠩.
⨬,    䠩   , ࠧ  CLIB  ஢
䠩  ᪮쪨 ᪠.

    뢠 (   த )  

       *  CLOSE  -䠩 < ET>

     -䠩 ⠭ ᢮  祭 㣮 䠩
  OPEN.     䠩    . BRL.
 ⨬      ஥ ६  믮 
⠢   ࠧࠦ ,  뢠 訥 䠩.

    室 뢠  䠩.  ਬ, 䠩, 
쪮  ஢, 뢠  㦭.

     CRL- 䠩 ,   䠩 (4 ᥪ) 㦠 

.   䠩 (१  APPEND, TRANSFER, RENAME, DELETE)
 뢠 ᮣᮢ    ,  䠩  
      .  ࠧ, ᫨ 
- ᤥ,   訫   ⮣,   뢠 䠩,
 㤠   㦭   뢠 䠩.  믮
   ६饭  ⢠ 譨 ࠡ⮪; 
㤥 '᭥ .

   ᬮ ᯨ᪠   䠩   ᮮ⢥饩 ⨪
믮  

       *  FILES <ET>

    뢮 ᮤঠ  CR- 䠩     㭪権 ந
 

       *  LIST  -䠩 < ET>

     ᪮쪮 ⥩  뫪 㭪権   CRL- 䠩.  
ᮮ⢥騥 䠩 ,  ᥣ אַ  ࢠ 㭪権

     *  TRANSFER  -室-䠩 -室-䠩 -㭪樨 <>

    㭪 室 䠩   室 䠩,  㤠
 室 䠩.  㭪樨   ᯥ樠 ᨬ *  ?
᫨ ⥫  .  㭪樨, 㤮⢮騥 
,  ६饭.

   ୠ⨢ 室 ᮢ 䠩 砥  ᯮ짮 ⮤
"-".  祭  ଠ

      * ETRACT  -䠩 -㭪樨 <>

    ᯮ   㭪樨   䠩  
㭪権 ( ). 㭪 뢠  䠩, 

      * APPEND  -䠩  [  -㭪樨  ] <ET>

     易⥫쭮   ⮫쪮    ,    
뫠 ;

      * APPEND  -䠩 <>
 
筮   㭪樨  䠩   .

   쪮  -䠩   㪠  ;  
㭪樨  ᪮쪮 䠩,  ⤥쭮    䠩.

  २ 㭪樨 ⤥쭮  CRL- 䠩  

      * RENAME  -䠩 ஥- - <>

   ⨬,   ਢ   䠩,   ࠭ 
䠩  뢠.


     (⮩)  CRL- 䠩, 
   
      * -䠩 <>

    ᮧ  ᪥ 䠩  -䠩. CRL     M.   
  㭪権, 砫 ன ,  ⥬ ᯮ ⮤ ६饭
 祭/, ᠭ .  CLIB   ࠧ蠥 ᮧ 
 CRL- 䠩, 騥 ⠪  ,     CRL- 䠩  ⥪饬 .

    㤠 㭪権  䠩 ᯮ

      * DELETE  -䠫 -㭪樨 < ET>

     㭪樨   ᨬ *  ?.    易⥫쭮
  襭 㤠. ⨬,  㤠 㭪樨  ᢮
࠭⢮   㪠 䠩,   ,  䠩  
. , ᫨   CRL- 䠩 ,      
 㭪樨,   㤠 㦭 㭪樨,  䠩  
८ 䠩  ६饭    㭪権.

   ⪮ ᠭ ᨭ⠪   㢨,  

      * HELP <ET>

      CLIB      ஢,  

      * QUIT <ET>

     ⥫쭮 ⢥  ⢥न⥫쭮 ᮮ饭, 뢮  CLIB.

    砭:    CLIB    묨 㪢.

   ᫨  訫     䠩,  㦥 ᫥ ६,  
室   ᯮ짮  室  ।஢ 䠩  㡨࠭
 ஢ . ᫨   ਬ﫨  䠩   
६饭,  

      * QUIT  -䠩 < ET>

    祭    権  ⮬ 䠩  ᢮ -䠩,
᫨ 뫮 믮  ⨥.

   ᫨ 뫨   ६饭  䠩     ,  
室   ᯮ짮,   ⥫쭮  ८ 䠩
ࠧ ᫥ 室  ⥬ ࠧ  .㬭 ᫥ ⮩ 楤
ᤥ ᫥饥:  믮   뫪, 樨 뢠
   CRL- 䠩. ⥬,   뢠 ।஢, ஥ 
᫥ ⠥ ஭,   㭪樨 ⥬   室  ,
ᮤঠ   ,  ᫨    . ⨥  
 ⨥ 䠩,   㭪権,     
䠩, 䥪⨢    ਢ.

    ਢ ⮩ ᥠ ࠡ   CLIB,   ஬ 짮⥫
 ᮧ  䠩  NEW.CRL  ᪥  B:,  ᮤঠ騩  㭪樨 
 DEFF.CRL,  稭騥  㪢 " P":

      
        A>CLIB
        BD SOFTWARE C LIBRARIAN V1.50
        FUNCTION BUFFER SIZE = XXXXX BYTES
  
        *OPEN 0 DEFF
        *MAKE B:NEW
        *OPEN 1 NW
        *TRANSFER 0 1 P*
        *CLOSE 1
        *QUIT
        (QUIT) ARE YOU SURE? Y

        A>
.PA

.HE   1.            CP/M SUBMIT- 䠩
 1.10   CP/M SUBMIT- 

    饭  樨  ।஢ -ணࠬ (᫥ 砫
⫠    ᭮ ⠥,   CC    CC2   㦠  訡
 室 䠩),  CP/M SUBMIT- 䠩   믮 
.  ନ஢  SUBMIT- 䠩, ஢, ।஢ 
믮 -ணࠬ    ( ॡ 㣨 
ᯥ樠  CRL- 䠩  ।஢ 㭪権):

        CC $1.C
       CLINK $1 -S
       $1

    , ᫨   ஢ 室 䠩  LIFE.C,    
⮫쪮

        A>SUBMIT C LIFE <ET>
 
    (   ।,   SUBMIT- 䠩   C.SUB)
.PA

.HE   1.           ᮡ 
 1.11  ᮡ                 


   1.  뢠  COM- 䠩   BD-C    ᮧ  COM- 䠩
஬,   ப (   CP/M)    ᮤঠ
 ஡  ᨬ ⠡樨.  ந室 ⮬,  
᮫    ᯮ  ப 騬 ࠧ,
᫨  騥 騥 ஡.

   2.  E   ᪠  MP/M II,    ॠᥬ஢  믮
( CCC.ASM -> C.CCC)  ⠭ " MPM2"   ⨭.  室 ᤥ, ⮡  
 믮 뢠   䠩   믮 -ணࠬ, ⮡   
⥬  室  䠩 ᮣ襭. 筮,    MP/M II,  
믮  BDS-C     ⨨ 䠩,  ⮫쪮  ⥭.


